ABSTRACT
Human exhaled gases contain thousands of trace amounts of trace volatile organic compounds (VOCs), some of which are endogenous substance and can be detected as potential biomarkers for disease. Acetone, the second highest VOCs in human exhaled gases, has been widely used in non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes. At present, more than 30 independent studies have been undertaken on the range of breath acetone concentration and its influencing factors, and the quantitative relationship between blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic patients. However, there are still many challenges in the application of breath acetone as a clinical regulatory parameter for diabetes. In this paper, the research status and progress in the breath acetone and analysis method were reviewed, and the existing problems in diabetes diagnosis and monitoring were discussed. Besides, the future development prospects were analyzed with the present technical level.
ABSTRACT
Abstract This work was conducted to evaluate the quality of 54 honey samples from eighteen different origins from Turkey. Physicochemical properties were examined according to AOAC methods, total phenolic and flavonoid contents by a spectrophotometric method and authenticity of honeys by Combustion Module - Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CM-CRDS). The microscopic analysis of honey sediment (mellissopalynology) was carried out to identify and count the pollen to provide qualitative indicators to confirm botanical origin. The moisture, electrical conductivity and free acidity of honeys ranged from 15.56 to 18.39%, 0.143 to 2.006 mS.cm-1, 16.05 meq.kg-1 and 34.10 meq.kg-1, respectively. Diastase activity of sideritis honey was found highest. Honeys showed HMF level below 40 mg.kg-1. The highest proline was determined in thyme honey. The results showed that honeys contained eminent amounts of phenolics and flavonoids. δ13C values of honeys were more negative than -23.5‰. The C4% sugar ratios were lower than 7% value. The lowest glucose-fructose content was observed in eucalyptus, cedar and pine honey samples. The results obtained for physicochemical characteristics, total phenolic and flavonoid contents an authenticity analysis of Turkish honeys indicate a good quality level, adequate processing, good maturity and freshness. The discrimination between honey types was achieved by PCA.